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# Stratum Skin and Surgery

## Sitemaps
[XML Sitemap](https://stratumskin.com.sg/sitemap_index.xml): Includes all crawlable and indexable pages.

## Posts
- [Psoriasis vs. Eczema: Key Differences Explained By a Dermatologist](https://stratumskin.com.sg/psoriasis-vs-eczema-key-differences-explained-by-a-dermatologist/): At first glance, psoriasis and eczema are easily mistaken for one another because they share several similarities. However, it is vital that each skin condition is accurately diagnosed to determine the best course of treatment. Here is a guide prepared by our dermatological team to help you differentiate these conditions.
- [What Triggers Eczema Flare-Ups on the Face, and How to Manage Them](https://stratumskin.com.sg/eczema-on-the-face-how-to-manage-ezcema-flare-ups/): Eczema, or atopic dermatitis, is a chronic, inflammatory skin condition that can be difficult to manage. Various factors can trigger flare-ups, and when one affects your face, it could also lower your self-esteem. Proper management of facial eczema is therefore important, making it key to know your triggers and how to treat flare-ups effectively.

## Pages
- [Cosmetic Dermatology](https://stratumskin.com.sg/cosmetic-dermatology/): Age Spots & Sun Damage Pigmentation Scars Wrinkles Rejuvenation Laser Tattoo Removal
- [Medical Dermatology](https://stratumskin.com.sg/medical-dermatology/): Eczema Acne & Acne Scars Children Skin Conditions Contact Dermatitis Hair Loss Hives Hyperhidrosis Intralesional Steroid Injection Nail Condition Rosacea Scars & Keloid Skin Allergies Skin Infections Vitiligo Other Complex Medical Dermatology Psoriasis
- [Surgical Dermatology](https://stratumskin.com.sg/surgical-dermatology/): Excision Surgery for Benign Skin Tumours Cryosurgery Electrosurgery Skin Biopsy Skin Tag & Wart Removal Seborrheic Keratosis Removal Nail Surgery Mole Removal
- [Thank You](https://stratumskin.com.sg/thank-you/): Our team will contact you soon.
- [Skin Cancer Treatment](https://stratumskin.com.sg/skin-cancer-treatment/): Home / Page
- [Sun Damage and Types of Skin Cancer](https://stratumskin.com.sg/sun-damage-and-types-of-skin-cancer/): Anyone can develop skin cancer, but some people are at higher risk, such as fair skin individuals, those who burn more easily under sun exposure, and strong family history of skin cancer.
- [Dermatology Services](https://stratumskin.com.sg/dermatology-services/): Surgical Dermatology Excision Surgery for Benign Skin Tumours Cryosurgery Electrosurgery Skin Biopsy Skin Tag & Wart Removal Seborrheic Keratosis Removal Nail Surgery Mole Removal Cosmetic Dermatology Age Spots & Sun Damage Pigmentation Scars Wrinkles Rejuvenation Laser Tattoo Removal Medical Dermatology Eczema Acne & Acne Scars Children Skin Conditions Contact Dermatitis Hair Loss Hives Hyperhidrosis Intralesional Steroid Injection Nail Condition Rosacea Scars & Keloid Skin Allergies Skin Infections Vitiligo Other Complex Medical Dermatology Psoriasis
- [Skin Cancer](https://stratumskin.com.sg/skin-cancer/): Skin Cancer Types Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) Actinic Keratoses Malignant Melanoma Sun Damage and Types of Skin Cancer Skin Cancer Treatments MOHS Surgery Mole Check and Skin Cancer Screening Skin Cancer Treatment
- [Laser Tattoo Removal](https://stratumskin.com.sg/laser-tattoo-removal/): Tattoos come in different forms, each with its unique characteristics. Professional tattoos, created using a tattoo machine and featuring a spectrum of pigment colours, are common among tattoo enthusiasts. On the other hand, amateur tattoos, often single-coloured and self-done at home, represent a different category. Additionally, cosmetic tattoos, performed in beauty salons, add another dimension to the tattoo landscape. Understanding the nature of these tattoos is crucial when considering removal options.
- [Rejuvenation](https://stratumskin.com.sg/rejuvenation/): Everybody will experience the ageing process- internal ageing affects everyone as we grow old. External ageing affects those who are chronically exposed to sunlight, causing photoageing or sun damage. This is more prominent in people with lighter skin types, those who live in sunny tropical weather or engage in outdoor activities, and certain outdoor professions.
- [Wrinkles](https://stratumskin.com.sg/wrinkles/): Common cosmetically bothersome wrinkles and lines which people seek treatment for include-
- [Scars](https://stratumskin.com.sg/scars/): Depending on the scar type, extent and location, treatment options need to be tailored and discussed. Common types of scars include-
- [Pigmentation](https://stratumskin.com.sg/pigmentation/): Our dermatologist will need to assess the skin for the types of pigmentation issues, so that the treatment plan can be tailored and individualised. Some people are more prone to recurrences of pigmentation, or experience difficult to treat and more stubborn pigmentation.There is also individual variable response to treatment, but in general, most pigmentation will lighten with combination treatment.
- [Age Spots & Sun Damage](https://stratumskin.com.sg/age-spots-sun-damage/): Seborrheic keratoses or age spots are very common harmless skin growths which progressively appear during adulthood. These skin growths are usually raised, brown or black and can be mistaken as skin cancer.They tend to grow on the face, scalp, torso and even sensitive areas near the eyes or genitalia, and may cause skin irritation or significant cosmetic concerns.
- [Psoriasis](https://stratumskin.com.sg/psoriasis-treatment-singapore/): Looking for a psoriasis cure in Singapore? Stratum Skin and Surgery offers personalised treatment plans to help manage psoriasis, reduce flare-ups, and improve overall skin health. Our dermatology team will assess your condition and recommend suitable options based on your needs and lifestyle.
- [Other Complex Medical Dermatology](https://stratumskin.com.sg/other-complex-medical-dermatology/): There is a wide range and many other more uncommon skin conditions or rashes which our dermatologist has experience in diagnosing and treating.
- [Vitiligo](https://stratumskin.com.sg/vitiligo/): Vitiligo is an autoimmune skin condition which causes white patches to appear on the skin, and can occur on any parts of the body. These white patches can be particularly distressing if they affect visible skin areas such as the face, causing significant psychosocial problems. Some people may have other underlying autoimmune medical conditions such as thyroid disorders or diabetes mellitus.
- [Skin Infections](https://stratumskin.com.sg/skin-infections/): There are many types of infections that can affect the skin.
- [Skin Allergies](https://stratumskin.com.sg/skin-allergies/): Skin prick testA skin prick test can test for as many as 50 different substances at once such as, pollen, mold, pet dander, dust mites and food. The test is performed by gently pricking the skin’s surface using needles and placing small drops of allergen extracts into the skin’s surface. If you are allergic to any of the tested substances, a raised, red, itchy bump will appear.
- [Scars & Keloid](https://stratumskin.com.sg/scars-and-keloid/): Treatment for ScarsThese raised scars are common and usually symptomatic (itch, pain), and can occur following skin surgery, acne, or skin injury. The scars are red inflammed and thick, and can be treated with regular intralesional steroid injections to flatten and soften the scars. Vascular lasers can be used to reduce the redness of the scar.Acne scarsTreatment can be tailored to the type of acne scars and extent of scarring. Fractionated laser resurfacing is commonly used for the most common form of pitted and depressed acne scars on the face.
- [Rosacea](https://stratumskin.com.sg/rosacea/): Regular sunscreen, strict sun protection and avoidance of rosacea triggers are important preventive measures. Avoid unnecessary harsh facial products or cosmetics which might aggravate rosacea and cause dermatitis.Topical creams can be used in mild cases to reduce the facial redness. Oral medication is necessary for severe cases to treat the inflammatory red spots (oral antibiotics, oral retinoids).Vascular lasers can also be added to reduce the face redness and treat the tiny broken capillaries on the skin.Dr Tay Liang Kiat talks about rosacea in the Straits Times
- [Nail Condition](https://stratumskin.com.sg/nail-conditions/): Abnormal nails are commonly due to infections or nail injury. Certain nail conditions may also be a sign of underlying more serious medical conditions.
- [Intralesional Steroid Injection](https://stratumskin.com.sg/intralesional-steroid-injection/): Keloid and hypertrophic scarsRegular injections to flatten and soften these scars, and to relieve symptoms of itch and pain.
- [Hyperhidrosis (Excessive sweating)](https://stratumskin.com.sg/hyperhidrosis-excessive-sweating/): The treatment ladder ranges from simple topical treatment to more invasive surgery options. It is important to discuss the benefits and side effects of each treatment option, so that patients can make an informed decision on their preferred treatment. Topical anti-perspirant treatmentThis may be applied regularly on the sweaty areas. IontophoresisThis is useful for hands and feet hyperhidrosis, regular treatment with hands feet soaks in solution with low-energy electric currents may help reduce sweating. Oral medicationThere are available drugs generally reserved for treating extensive generalised sweating. These medication has side effects and need to be used with close monitoring. Botulinum toxin (Botox) injectionThis is an effective and quick method which can be used to control localised areas of sweating at the armpits, hands and feet. Multiple little injections of Botox can be placed in these sweaty areas, and are generally well tolerated with the use of numbing cream prior to injections. The effect of Botox can usually last up to 6 months, before sweating recurs and top-up treatment is required. SurgeryThere are more invasive surgical options with the aim of a more permanent treatment to localised sweaty areas. Surgical removal of sweat glands, and sympathectomy (where nerve fibres controlling the sweat glands are burned off) can be discussed with the surgeon.
- [Hives (Urticaria)](https://stratumskin.com.sg/hives-urticaria/): It is important to avoid any known triggers which may cause a flare up of urticaria. Regular intake of non-drowsy antihistamines, sometimes even at higher dosages for extensive rashes, is necessary for the chronic form of urticaria. In flare ups of urticaria, a short course of oral steroids may be necessary for quick relief of symptoms. Combination treatment of antihistamines and other oral medicine to control the immune system may be used for severe cases with extensive rashes.
- [Hair Loss](https://stratumskin.com.sg/hair-loss/): Topical treatment (minoxidil) can be applied to the scalp to promote hair growth.
- [Contact Dermatitis](https://stratumskin.com.sg/contact-dermatitis/): It is important to diagnose contact dermatitis with careful history taking of the use or contact of any chemicals or products on the skin. The specific distribution of the rashes in certain skin areas will also provide a clue to the diagnosis.It is important to identify any potential contact allergens or products early, so that they can be avoided, for the skin rashes to improve.An allergic skin patch test can be performed to identify specific substances or chemicals which may cause the contact dermatitis.
- [Children Skin Conditions](https://stratumskin.com.sg/children-skin-conditions/): Exanthem is a widespread skin eruption that is usually associated with systemic symptoms such as fever, headache, malaise, irritability, poor appetite and bodyaches. Childhood viral exanthems are very common and are usually a skin reaction to specific viral infections such as chickenpox (varicella), roseola (HHV 6), erythema infectiosum (parvovirus B19). Measles and rubella are less commonly seen these days with proper childhood immunisation. Rashes of the various exanthems have distinctive patterns of rashes and prodromal symptoms (prior to rashes) allowing clinical diagnosis. Treatment is usually symptomatic with fever medicine, topical creams to soothe the skin, bed rest and plenty fluids.
- [Acne & Acne Scars](https://stratumskin.com.sg/acne-and-acne-scars/): Acne is a common chronic inflammatory skin condition that involves the hair follicles and oil glands (pilosebaceous unit). Different types of spots appear on the face, neck, shoulders, chest and back.
- [Atopic Dermatitis/Eczema](https://stratumskin.com.sg/eczema-treatment-singapore/): Eczema, commonly referred to as atopic dermatitis, causes patches of your skin to be itchy and inflamed. Eczema is a long-lasting (chronic) condition that tends to flare up periodically. People who suffer from asthma, allergic rhinitis, or have relatives who have eczema, are at a higher risk of having the skin condition. Eczema is not contagious.
- [Mole Removal](https://stratumskin.com.sg/mole-removal/): Surgical ExcisionExcision mole removal works by completely removing the mole by cutting it out, along with a small area of surrounding healthy tissue. This treatment is usually used to find out if the mole is cancerous and to ensure that the entire mole is excised down to its roots. The wound is then stitched up, and the mole is sent for histology analysis to confirm the diagnosis of a benign or cancerous mole.Shave ExcisionCertain types of protruding moles can be removed from the face and body using a shave excision technique which involves removing the mole at its base near the skin surface using a scalpel. The treated area may result in a small pink scar which should gradually fade with time.CryotherapyCryotherapy uses liquid nitrogen spray to freeze the tissue, causing the area to scab over. After about a few weeks, the scab containing the mole will fall off from the skin. This method is only used for certain types of protruding benign moles.Laser Mole Removal or ElectrosurgeryLaser or electrosurgery mole removal is best suited for smaller moles and is a good option when the mole is on the face as there is less risk of scarring.
- [Cryosurgery (Liquid Nitrogen)](https://stratumskin.com.sg/cryosurgery-liquid-nitrogen/): The procedure is minimally invasive and generally well tolerated without the need for any anesthesia injection. The liquid nitrogen is sprayed directly to the skin lesion from a hand-held Cryogun, or applied with a cotton-tipped applicator for several seconds, and the treatment repeated for a few freeze-thaw cycles. Post-cryosurgery treated areas will generally heal well with simple local wound care. There may be some skin discolouration, light or dark patches arising from the liquid nitrogen application.
- [Seborrheic Keratosis Removal](https://stratumskin.com.sg/seborrheic-keratosis-removal/): Cryosurgery using liquid nitrogen freezing may be used for thinner age spots. Electrocautery is a better option. After the skin is numbed with local anesthesia cream or injection, these ages spots can be removed by simple electrocautery. Even removal of multiple lesions is generally well tolerated, with some scabbing for 1-2 weeks and with good wound care, the wounds usually heal well with very minimal or no scarring. Some may experience post-treatment pigmentation which usually improves and clear with time.
- [Skin Tag & Wart Removal](https://stratumskin.com.sg/skin-tag-and-wart-removal/): Several methods are commonly used-
- [Skin Biopsy](https://stratumskin.com.sg/skin-biopsy/): The procedure is generally well tolerated, and performed with minimal or no complications. The skin is pre-numbed with local anesthesia before the skin biopsy procedure, which can be performed via a few surgical methods-
- [Electrosurgery](https://stratumskin.com.sg/electrosurgery/): The procedure is minimally invasive and generally well tolerated.The treated skin is pre-numbed with either anesthetic creams or injection. Post-electrosurgery treated areas will generally heal well with simple local wound care. The wound heals with initial red pinkish patch, and there may be skin discolouration, light or dark patches arising from the procedure which usually will improve and fade with time.
- [Nail Surgery](https://stratumskin.com.sg/nail-surgery/): Nail surgery procedures may sound traumatic, but are surprisingly generally well tolerated when proper local anesthesia is being given. Patients are usually comfortable and will not feel any pain during the surgery.
- [Excision Surgery for Benign Skin Tumours](https://stratumskin.com.sg/excision-surgery-for-benign-skin-tumours/): Our team of experienced dermatologists and skin surgeons are here to help you identify, diagnose, and manage any suspicious skin changes with precision and care. Don’t ignore unusual spots or slow-healing lesions, book your appointment today for a thorough evaluation and peace of mind.
- [Mole Check and Skin Cancer Screening](https://stratumskin.com.sg/mole-check-and-skin-cancer-screening/): Skin cancer screening is a type of examination in which a dermatologist thoroughly examines your skin for signs of skin cancer or precancerous conditions. By checking your skin from head to toe, a dermatologist for skin cancer screening can detect any signs of skin cancer and start a suitable treatment as soon as possible. 
- [Skin Cancer MOHS Surgery](https://stratumskin.com.sg/mohs-micrographic-surgery-for-skin-cancer/): Mohs Surgery (or Mohs Micrographic Surgery) is a specialised surgical technique used to treat skin cancers which has been developed by Dr Frederic Mohs in the 1930s. It involves methodically excising the skin cancer progressively in stages with precise microscopic margin control using tangentially cut frozen-section histology. Amazingly, even with all the medical advancements over the past decades, Mohs surgery is still considered the most effective treatment for non-melanoma skin cancers (basal cell and squamous cell cancers-BCC, SCC), as it is able to achieve the highest cure rates with maximal preservation of healthy skin tissue. Doctors from different surgical fields have tried their hands at Mohs surgery, but it was only over the past few decades that this surgical technique became fully embraced by dermatologists in many countries. To perform Mohs surgery, the dermatologist needs the skill set to function both as a surgeon and pathologist.Read The Straits Times article on skin cancer and Mohs Surgery by Dr Tay Liang Kiat
- [Actinic Keratosis](https://stratumskin.com.sg/actinic-keratosis/): Actinic keratoses are small scaly red patches or rough thick skin growths which usually occur in people after age of 40 due to years of cumulative sun exposure. These skin growths are pre-cancerous, although usually harmless or may cause skin irritation or itch, they may turn into squamous cell cancer, a form of skin cancer, if left untreated.
- [Malignant Melanoma](https://stratumskin.com.sg/malignant-melanoma-skin-cancer/): People with multiple moles, abnormal moles and a strong family history of melanoma are at increased risk of developing melanoma.
- [Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)](https://stratumskin.com.sg/squamous-cell-carcinoma-scc/): Squamous cell cancer, or SCC, is a cancer of the cells in the outer layer of the skin. Usually, SCCs develop slowly and if they are left untreated for a long time, they can grow deeper into the skin and spread to other parts of the body. Sometimes, they can behave more aggressively and spread at an earlier stage.
- [Contact Us](https://stratumskin.com.sg/contact-us/): Ready to see a specialist? Book your appointment now.
- [Blog](https://stratumskin.com.sg/blog/): Explore the latest updates on skin health, expert insights and media features from Stratum Skin & Surgery. From skin-cancer awareness to treatment breakthroughs and patient stories, our News & Media hub keeps you in the know.
- [Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC)](https://stratumskin.com.sg/basal-cell-carcinoma-bcc/): Most of us are born with 20 milk (baby) teeth and 32 permanent (adult) teeth. However, there are some of us (0.2%-3% of the population) who were born with an extra tooth or two. These types of teeth are called supernumerary teeth and they can occur anywhere in the mouth, usually appearing separately or in pairs or clusters.
- [Media](https://stratumskin.com.sg/media/): Explore the latest updates on skin health, expert insights and media features from Stratum Skin & Surgery. From skin-cancer awareness to treatment breakthroughs and patient stories, our News & Media hub keeps you in the know.
- [Our Dermatologist](https://stratumskin.com.sg/our-dermatologist-dr-tay-liang-kiat/): Our Dermatologist

## ElementsKit items
- [dynamic-content-megamenu-menuitem266](https://stratumskin.com.sg/elementskit-content/dynamic-content-megamenu-menuitem266/): Surgical Dermatology
- [dynamic-content-megamenu-menuitem265](https://stratumskin.com.sg/elementskit-content/dynamic-content-megamenu-menuitem265/): Skin Cancer Types